traffic

Using Game Theory to Make City Streets Safer

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Dec 11, 2020

20 years ago, a radical experiment was announced in seven cities across Europe: They would flatten sidewalks, remove traffic signs and painted road markings, and take down traffic lights. It was part of an E.U.-funded project designed to test how to make streets safer for all users—drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians.4

In fact, 20 years on, some of these cities still adhere to this principle of “less is more” to improve safety. How can this be?

How can game theory explain traffic patterns?

Countries have many forms of signage for safe travel. Germany, for example, has 648 different traffic signs.15 Surely this contributes to the reason why something as anarchic as the speed-limit-free Autobahn can produce fewer traffic fatalities than a Canadian highway?10

In fact, the evidence suggests street signage can make more a place more dangerous, not less. To explain why, we can look to game theory.

Game theory is the scientific study of how, when, and why people cooperate (and don’t cooperate). It comes from mathematics but has been applied extensively in economics and the social sciences (e.g. the prisoner’s dilemma), and even used as a call-to-arms by environmentalists.20 It has been invoked to explain why some people are altruistic donors, and how residency students are matched to hospitals.21

Game theory very simply explains how human decision-making in many realms depends on interactions with other people in the environment—like what we would find in the artificially-controlled environment of a board game.

A “game” in game theory is a situation “in which decision-makers interact with one another, and in which the happiness of each participant with the outcome depends not just on his or her own decision but on the decisions made by everyone.”3 Driving is therefore game-like by definition. The speed, safety, and enjoyment of driving depends greatly on the other drivers (or cyclists or pedestrians) on the road. Your actions depend on how those actors react, drive, walk, or cycle.

Driving requires cooperation. We drive how and where we want, but we adhere to rules that help coordinate our actions, as in a complex game. For example, you can drive through a green light without stopping because you are cooperating with the car at the adjacent red light. They pay a cost in time, so that you can continue accident-free.2 Our cooperative behavior with other drivers happens mostly unconsciously, as we assume a mutual agreement to stick to the rules of the road.

If we assume we understand the rules of the road equally, why then are traffic accidents still so common? In Berlin, for example, there is a car accident every 4 minutes.14 The majority of accidents producing injury (both minor or severe) happen at intersections.17

How could removing the stop sign at an intersection improve our driving safety?

How do our brains fail us?

Part of this problem is the over-ruling of our unconscious assumptions (sometimes described as system 1 thinking). Not only is driving mentally taxing, most of us fail to see that as drivers, we are part of the problem. Take, for example, freeway congestion. A 2006 report from Canada’s transportation department reads: “Motorists do not perceive themselves as a cause of congestion; motorists perceive themselves as the victims of congestion.8

In game theory, Braess’ paradox explains this phenomenon perfectly: As a new highway or lane is unveiled, people are drawn to the promise of quicker commutes, and inevitably the highway becomes even more congested.3

So what can we do about this?

In uncontrolled intersections, like traffic circles (or roundabouts), drivers are forced to focus on the players of the game: drivers entering, exiting, and continuing onward, as well as bikes. In contrast, at a light-controlled intersection, you are probably focusing most of your attention on whether you will make the green light in front of you and less on what is happening on the street. Traffic circles are commonplace in Europe for this very reason: they reduce the number of conflict points and naturally force a reduced speed.13

Based on this, we can explain how unmarked streets therefore become safer: They make us more conscious drivers and they force us into cooperation by adhering to fewer rules. In Bohmte, one of the seven test cities in the original experiment, they removed all signs and markings and replaced them with just two rules: A maximum speed of 30 km/h and obligation to yield to anyone on the right.5 Ipswich, another test city, reversed the right-of-way rule on a popular high street so that pedestrians had right of way.7 This makes the unconscious, conscious.

Streets with no traffic signs can be safer because they change the rules of the game. Instead of assuming the correct behavior of other drivers or pedestrians, we are required to drive with greater attention to the greater good. In other words, we are forced to cooperate.

Back in Bohmte, following the first four weeks of the new design, no accidents were reported. This was noteworthy since the town had previously had at least one major accident per week.5 Furthermore, the fluidity of the traffic increased and start-stop traffic was reduced.12

What does it mean for our cities?

Behavioral science has been applied in various aspects of city design, for example with transportation or commuting habits. This is relevant for our current situation because one result of the COVID-19 pandemic is that streets across the world have been temporarily transformed with new pop-up bike lanes that share the road with vehicles.9 Citizens and officials have voiced concerns how the temporary measure could increase traffic congestion once the pandemic is over and may decrease safety for cyclists.16,19

One solution might be to paradoxically introduce more chaos and less order into our intersections, removing dedicated areas for bikes and letting cyclists mingle with vehicular traffic. While this may run counter to what cyclists perceive,1 certain traffic-heavy intersections may benefit from the conversion into a so-called “shared space.”

To be clear, the research shows us that the safest streets for cyclists are still segregated bike lanes.1 However, intersections remain one of the most dangerous areas for riding a bike, and observational data since the coronavirus shutdown has shown that in some cities, pop-up bikes lanes have not resulted in fewer cyclist deaths, but more.9,11 For that reason, it is worth considering how and where we can bring the concept of shared spaces to work for our intersections, particularly the role of traffic circles.

Of course it is worth noting that not every intersection or street would be improved by removing all rules. We can look at the ongoing discussions about the true comparative safety of Germany’s Autobahns to see why reviewing situational factors is always necessary.18 However, playing by these paradoxical rules might help us in the present, and could come to decide what we do with pop-up bike lanes in the future.

Summary

The computational load of driving with many other agents on the streets (drivers, cyclists, pedestrians, stray animals, flyaway sofas, etc.) taxes our brains to an extent that sometimes our autopilot mode can fail us and result in an accident. “Shared space” roads are an example of paradoxical urban design that can mitigate this behavior. It prescribes removing most signage and barriers between different actors.

The result is that drivers will have less tunnel vision on the traffic lights ahead, and instead scan their entire driving environment, seeking eye contact with other drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. Data from seven test cities in Europe from over a decade ago show that shared space intersections can be a safer alternative for pedestrians and cyclists.

The time to revisit this decade-old experiment is right now, as the global pandemic has forced us into different commuting patterns. Shared spaces offer a potential solution to keep intersections safe once our commute regains some of the normalcy of pre-COVID times.

References

  1. Cohen, E. (2013). Segregated bike lanes are safest for cyclists. CMAJ, 185(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708009/
  2. Cortés-Berrueco, L. E., Gershenson, C. & Stephens, C. R. (2016). Traffic Games: Modeling Freeway Traffic with Game Theory. PLOS One https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165381
  3. Easley, D. & Kleinberg, J. (2010). Chapter 8: Modeling Network Traffic using Game Theory. In, Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World (pp. 232). Cambridge University Press. https://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/networks-book-ch06.pdf
  4. European Union. (2020). Shared Space: Reconciling People, Places and Transport. https://keep.eu/projects/307/
  5. Evening Standard. (2008, June 23). Accident-free zone: The German town which scrapped all traffic lights and road signs. Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/accident-free-zone-the-german-town-which-scrapped-all-traffic-lights-and-road-signs-6932977.html
  6. Evgenikos, P., Yannis, G., Folla, K., Bauer, R., Machata, K., Brandstaetter, C. (2016). How Safe are Cyclists on European Roads? Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 2372-2381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.269
  7. Ipswich Star. (2012, November 4). Shared space still controversial topic. Ipswich Star. https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/shared-space-still-controversial-topic-1-1678977
  8. Jackson, E. (2019, August 29). Congestion is only getting worse and it turns out you (yes, you!) are a big part of the problem. The Financial Post. https://financialpost.com/transportation/congestion-is-only-getting-worse-and-it-turns-out-you-yes-you-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem
  9. Morton, B. (2020, June 27). “Coronavirus: Will pop-up bike lanes keep new cyclists on the road.” BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-53105020
  10. OECD. (2019). Road accidents. https://data.oecd.org/transport/road-accidents.html
  11. Oltermann, P. (2020, August 4). Berlin reports rise in fatalities as new bike lanes fail to keep cyclists safe. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/24/berlin-reports-rise-in-fatalities-as-new-bike-lanes-fail-to-keep-cyclists-safe
  12. Portor, M. (2018, January 18). Was wäre, wenn es keine Straßenschilder mehr gäbe? Mobility Mag. https://mobilitymag.de/shared-space-strassen-ohne-schilder/
  13. Pratelli, A. (2006). Design of modern roundabouts in urban traffic systems. Conference paper from Urban Transport 2006. 10.2495/UT060091
  14. RBB. (2020, February 24). Alle vier Minuten kracht es in Berlin. RBB.https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/2020/02/2019-gab-es-147-000-verkehrsunfaelle-in-berlin.html
  15. Schulz, M. (2006, November 16). European Cities Do Away with Traffic Signs. Der Spiegel. https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/controlled-chaos-european-cities-do-away-with-traffic-signs-a-448747.html
  16. Stone, J. (2020, July 13). Pop-up cycle lanes across London could be made permanent after pandemic, says transport boss. The Independant. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cycle-lanes-london-pop-kept-after-pandemic-a9616041.html
  17. Drößiger, J., Kostrzynski, M., Lehmann, H., Meidinger, D., Wittlich., H. (2020, July 28). Tagespiegel. https://interaktiv.tagesspiegel.de/lab/alle-schlimmen-verkehrsunfaelle-in-berlin-auf-einer-karte/
  18. The Local. (2019, Febuary 1). Are Germany’s autobahns really the safest highways in the world? The Local. https://www.thelocal.de/20190201/are-germanys-autobahns-really-the-safest-highways-in-the-world
  19. The Local. (2020, September 8). Why a court says Berlin’s new pop-up bike lanes must be scrapped. The Local. https://www.thelocal.de/20200908/why-a-court-says-berlins-new-pop-up-bikes-lanes-must-be-scrapped
  20. Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science162(3859). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243
  21. Maaz, M. (2020). A primer on the game theory behind the national resident matching program for the medical educator and student. Medical Science Educator30(2), 965-969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-020-00955-8

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